Catcher in the Rye and Red Badge of Courage - the...

The Catcher in the Rye and The Red Badge of Courage detail the gradual maturation of two immature boys into self-reliant young men. The steady speed at which Salingers and Cranes language streams enables the reader to see the independent events that lead up to the ultimate rite of passage for both Henry and Holden. Although the pinnacle of maturity Holden reached concerned his pessimistic view of the world and Henrys was a unifying moment of bravery, both boys experienced an epiphany over the course of their respective tales. Holden came to a realization in the timeless peace of an Egyptian tomb that forced him to reevaluate his immature and selfish views. His new attitude was first displayed while he watched Phoebe snatch at the gold†¦show more content†¦Henrys epiphany occurs in the following battle. He discards the expectations of his peers and declares his individuality and courage by seizing the flag from the dead color sergeant and waving it before the regiment. He ris ks death as the easiest of targets and thus displays his courage and strength. The seizing of the flag is Henrys ultimate rite of passage. He discards the terrified and cautious youth he enlisted as and becomes a mature, courageous adult. His reach for the flag proves he is as brave and courageous as the warriors whose stories dazzled him as a boy. br brHenry and Holden began both their stories weaker and more ignorant than they left them. How are their rises to maturity similar and different? Both stories cover a time period of about three days. The three days are greatly important, as they detail the rite of passage from youth to maturity. Such a prodigious transformation in a mere three days implies an extraordinary sequence of preceding events. Both The Catcher in the Rye and The Red Badge of Courage tell a story of one of the most relevant time periods in both of the main characters lives- their rise to adulthood. Both characters seem to have promising futures ahead of them. Holden ends his account of the madman stuff that happened to him last Christmas giving the impression that he will try harder in school and that he actually missed the people he criticized so harshly.Show MoreRelated Comparing Maturation in Catcher in the Rye and Red Badge of Courage1421 Words   |  6 PagesMaturation in Catcher in the Rye and Red Badge of Courage    The Catcher in the Rye and The Red Badge of Courage detail the gradual maturation of two immature boys into self-reliant young men. The steady speed at which Salingerà ­s and Craneà ­s language streams enables the reader to see the independent events that lead up to the ultimate rite of passage for both Henry and Holden. Although the pinnacle of maturity Holden reached concerned his pessimistic view of the world and Henryà ­s was a unifying

Mughal Emperor Akbar Free Essays

Muhammad Akbar was born at Aurangabad in the Deccan to Dilras Banu Begum, Aurangzeb’s first wife and chief consort. She was a member of the Safavid dynasty and was the daughter of Mirza Shahnawaz Khan, a minister at the mughal court. She died when Akbar was only one month old. We will write a custom essay sample on Mughal Emperor Akbar or any similar topic only for you Order Now For this reason, Akbar was brought up with special care and affection by his father. He was his father’s favourite and most-loved son as Aurangzeb, himself, said in a letter to him, â€Å"God be my witness that I have loved you more than my other sons. † At the age of 15, Akbar was wed to a granddaughter of his paternal uncle, Dara Shikoh, who had been killed at Aurangzeb’s behest. Salima begum was the daughter of Sulaiman Shikoh, eldest son of Dara Shikoh. Later, Akbar also married a daughter of an Assamese nobleman. He was the father of two sons and two daughters, including Nikusiyar, who briefly became mughal emperor in 1719. Like other Mughal princes, Muhammad Akbar administered various provinces and fought minor campaigns under the guidance of experienced officers. His first independent command was during Aurangzeb’s war of the Jodhpur succession. The Rajput War[edit] Jaswant Singh, who was Maharaja of Jodhpur, was also a high-ranking Mughal officer. He died at his post on the Khyber Pass on 10 December 1678. He died without leaving male issue, but two of his wives were pregnant at the time of his death. The succession was thus unclear. When the news of the death reached Aurangzeb, he immediately dispatched a large army (9 January 1679) to occupy the state of Jodhpur. One of the division of this army was commanded by Akbar. Aurangzeb occupied Jodhpur ostensibly to secure the succession for any male infant born to Jaswant’s pregnant widows. He declared that such rightful heir would be invested with his patrimony upon coming of age. However, relations between Jaswant and Aurangzeb had not been very happy, and it was feared that Aurangzeb, a notorious bigot, would annex the state for good on this pretext. Indeed, incumbent officers in Jodhpur state were replaced by mughal officers. Many temples in Jodhpur were broken and the idols were carried to Delhi, where they were placed at the entrance of the Jama Masjid so that they could be trampled underfoot and defiled by the Muslims. After thus effectively annexing the largest Hindu state in northern India, Aurangzeb reimposed the jaziya tax on the non-Muslim population (2 April 1679), almost a century after it had been abolished by his tolerant ancestor Akbar I. All this made the emperor extremely unpopular among the Rajputs. One of Jaswant’s pregnant wives was duly delivered of a son, who was named Ajit Singh. Officers loyal to Jaswant brought his family back to Jodhpur and rallied the clan to the standards of the infant. The Rajputs of Jodhpur (Rathore clan) forged an alliance with the neighboring Rajput state of Mewar (Sisodia clan). Maharana Raj Singh of Mewar withdrew his army to the western portion of his kingdom, marked by the rugged Aravalli hills and secured by numerous hill-forts. From this position, the smaller but faster Rajput cavalry units could surprise the Mughal outposts in the plains, loot their supply trains, and bypass their camps to ravage neighbouring Mughal provinces. In the second half of 1680, after several months of such setbacks, Aurangzeb decided on an all-out offensive. Nicolao Manucci, an Italian gunner in the Mughal army, says: â€Å"for this campaign, Aurangzeb put in pledge the whole of his kingdom. Three separate armies, under Aurangzeb’s sons Akbar, Azam and Muazzam, penetrated the Aravalli hills from different directions. However, their artillery lost its effectiveness while being dragged around the rugged hills and both Azam and Muazzam were defeated by the Rajputs and beaten back. Akbar’s rebellion[edit] Akbar and his general Tahawwur Khan had been instructed to t ry to bribe the Rajput nobles to the Mughal side, but in these attempts, they themselves were ensnared by the Rajputs. The Rajputs incited Akbar to rebel against his father and offered all support. They pointed out to him that Aurangzeb’s attempt to annex the Rajput states was disturbing the stability of India. They also reminded him that the open bigotry displayed by Aurangzeb in reimposing jaziya and demolishing temples was contrary to the wise policies of his ancestors. Prince Akbar lent a willing ear to the Rajputs and promised to restore the policies of the illustrious Akbar. On 1 January 1681, Akbar declared himself Emperor, issued a manifesto deposing his father, and marched towards Ajmer to fight him. As the commander of a Mughal division, Akbar had a force of 12,000 cavalry with supporting infantry and artillery. To this, the Maharana of Mewar added 6,000 Rajput cavalry, being half his own army. As this combined army crossed Jodhpur state, numerous war-bands of Rathores joined up and increased its strength to 25,000 cavalry. Meanwhile, various Mughal divisions deployed around the Aravalli hills had been racing to come to Aurangzeb’s aid. Aurangzeb however resorted to threats and treachery: he sent a letter to Tahawwur Khan promising to pardon him but also threatening to have his family publicly dishonored by camp ruffians if he refused to submit. The Mughal noble secretly came over to meet his master but was killed in a scuffle at the entrance to Aurangzeb’s tent. The crafty Mughal Emperor then wrote a false letter to Akbar and arranged it such that the letter was intercepted by the Rajputs. In this letter, Aurangzeb congratulated his son for finally bringing the Rajput guerillas out in the open where they could be crushed by father and son together. The Rajput commanders suspected this letter to be false but took it to Akbar’s camp for an explanation. Here they discovered that Tahawwur Khan had disappeared. Suspecting the worst, the Rajputs departed in the middle of the night. The next morning, Akbar woke to find his chief adviser and his allies gone and his own soldiers deserting by the hour to Aurangzeb. The would-be emperor escaped the prospect of war with his father by hastily departing the camp with a few close followers. He caught up with the Rajputs commanders and mutual explanations followed. Aftermath[edit] Seeing that Akbar had attempted no treachery and that he could be useful, the Rathore leader Durgadas took Akbar to the court of the Maratha king Sambhaji, seeking support for the project of placing him on the throne of Delhi. For fully five years, Akbar stayed with Sambhaji, hoping that the latter would lend him men and money to strike and seize the Mughal throne for himself. But at that time, Sambhaji was engaged in uncovering the conspiracy against him. After which, he was engrossed in wars against Siddhis of Janjira, Chikka Dev Rai of Mysore, Portuguese of Goa and Aurangzeb. In September 1686, Sambhaji sent Akbar to Persia. In Persia, Akbar was said to pray daily for the speedy death of his father, which alone would give him another chance to wrest the Mughal throne for himself. On hearing of this, Aurangzeb is said to have remarked, â€Å"Let us see who dies first. He or I! † As it turned out, Akbar died in 1704, three years before his father’s demise. He died at the town of Mashhad in Persia. Two of Akbar’s children were brought up by the Rajputs, until as a result of peace negotiations, they were handed over to the old emperor. Akbar’s daughter Safiyat-un-nissa was sent to her grandfather in 1696 and his son Buland Akhtar was returned in 1698. The latter, when presented in court, shocked his grandfather and nobles by speaking fluently in the Rajasthani language. Legacy[edit] In the words of Jadunath Sarkar: â€Å"The rebellion of Prince Akbar, though it was fostered by the Rajputs and originated, grew to fullness, and expired in Northern India, changed the history of the Deccan and hastened the fate of the Mughal Empire as well. His flight to Shambhuji raised a danger to the throne of Delhi which could be met only by Aurangzib’s personal appearance in the south. But for this alliance, the Emperor would have left Bijapur and Golconda to be occasionally threatened and fleeced by his generals, while the Maratha king would have been tolerated as a necessary evil and even as a thorn in the side of Bijapur. But Akbar’s flight to the Deccan forced a complete change on the imperial policy in that quarter. The first task of Aurangzeb now was to crush the power of Shambhuji and render Akbar impotent for mischief. For this he patched up a peace with the Maharana (June 1681) and left for the Deccan to direct the operations of his army. † Notes[edit] ^ According to Tarikh-i-Muhammadi, his death of death is 31 March 1706 (Irvine, William (1922) Later Mughals, Volume I, Jadunath Sarkar ed. , Calcutta: M. C. Sarkar Sons, p. 1) ^ Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1919). Studies in Mughal India. W. Heffer and Sons. How to cite Mughal Emperor Akbar, Papers

Barack Obama Keynote Speech free essay sample

He was received by thousands of enthusiastic delegates, waving blue and white campaign signs and reciting his name. As the keynote speaker, Obama set the tone for the Democratic manifesto, outlining the principles of the party. His speech concerned the unnecessary and artificial divides in American politics and culture, emphasizing the importance of unity in our country, not just red states for Republicans and blue states for Democrats. Obama retreats this approach by saying a quote; We worship an awesome God in the blue dates, and we dont like federal agents poking around our libraries In the red states.We coach Little League In the blue states, and yes, weave got some gay friends In the red states. There are patriots who opposed the war, and patriots who supported it. We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the Stars and Stripes, all of us defending the United States of America. We will write a custom essay sample on Barack Obama Keynote Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He effectively uses the Stars and Stripes as a metaphor for our American flag. The general theme of Barack Beams keynote address was the American Dream. He says My parents shared not only an improbable love, they shared an abiding faith In the possibilities of this nation. He spoke of his international and interracial heritage as his father is from Kenya and his mother is from Kansas, and stressed the power of education in our society, distinguishing his attendance at Harvard Law School in spite of his familys financial hardship. He also criticized poor black youths In America who believe that reading a book is acting white. He exclaims as a proud American In no other country on Earth Is my story Seibel describing his successful career In politics and law and Ralston a family at the same time.Going along with his theme of the American Dream, Obama identified himself as a skinny kid with a funny name who believes that America has a place for him, too. His speech was an extremely emotional and passionate addressed that spoke to millions across the country. He spoke of national unity as one of the most important and unique characteristics of the United States, and how unity is one of the most Important things that our country could have In 2004, In ligh t of 9-11 and he war in Iraq.The allotment in the speech in which he made the simple phrase theres a united States of America a rallying cry of unity and togetherness was simple and powerful. By stating that there is a United States of America he does not simply mean that there is a USA. He means that we are a united country, united as one as the united States of America. Beams rhetoric was deeply felt and was more reproducing, splashing with patriotism: We are one people, all of us pledging He criticized the Iraq war, saying we should never ever go to war without enough roofs to win the war, secure the peace, and earn the respect the world. This statement follows the Democrats extreme goal: to earn the respect of the world. The criticism reflects his attitude on the war: we need more troops. It appeals to the opinion of the world but also with a confident yet offensive shade: The world should respect us, because when we confront an enemy we do it right. Emotionally, the highest point of the speech was his statement that We worship an awesome God in the Blue States. By saying this he denied the assumption that he Democrats are the secular party, and did it in unashamed language.

Whales Essays - Biota, Baleen Whales, Megafauna, Apex Predators

Whales Blue Whales The Blue whale is the largest creature of the sea; in fact, it's the largest creature known to man. Contrary to what most people think, even though Blue whales live in the sea, they are mammals. They breathe air, have their babies born alive, and can live anywhere from 30 to 70 years. The Blue whale is a baleen whale, and instead of having teeth, Blue whales have around 300-400 baleen plates in their mouths. Baleen are rows of coarse, bristle-like fibers used to strain plankton from the water. Baleen is made of keratin, the same material as our fingernails. The Blue whale is called a ?rorqual?, a Norwegian word for ?furrow? referring to the pleated grooves running from its chin to its naval. The pleated throat grooves allow the Blue whale's throat to expand during the huge intake of water during filter feeding; they can ?hold 1,000 tons or more of food and water when fully expanded? (Small 1971). They average about 50-70 throat grooves. Blue whales grow up to about 80 fee t (25m) long on average, weighing about 120 tons. The females are generally larger than the males, this is the case for all baleen whales. ?The largest specimen found was a female 94 feet (29m) long weighing more than 174 tons? (Satchell 1998). The head of the Blue whale forms up to a quarter of the total body length. Compared with other rorquals, the head is very broad. The blue whale heart is also large, the size of a small car and can pump almost 10 tons of blood throughout the body. They also have a very small, falcate (sickle-shaped) dorsal fin that is located near the fluke, or tail. Blue whales have long, thin flippers 8 feet (2.4m) long and flukes that are 25feet (7.6m) wide. The blue whale's skin is usually blue-gray with white-gray spots. The underbelly has brown, yellow, or gray specks. During the winter, in cold waters, diatoms stick to the underbelly, giving it a yellow to silver- to sulfur-colored sheen; giving the blue whale its nick-name of ?sulfur bottoms?. Other na mes include Sibbald's Rorqual and Great Northern Rorqual. Blue whales (like all baleen whales) are seasonal feeders and carnivores that filter feed tiny crustaceans (krill, copepods, etc), plankton, and small fish from the water. Krill, or shrimp-like euphasiids are no longer than 3 inches. It is amazing that the world's largest animals feed on the smallest marine life. Blue whales are gulpers, filter feeders that alternatively swim, then gulp a mouthful of plankton or fish. ?An average-sized blue whale will eat 2,000-9,000 pounds (900- 4100kg) of plankton each day during the summer feeding season in cold, arctic waters (120 days)? (Hasley 1984). The blue whale has twin blowholes with exceptionally large fleshy splashguards to the front and sides. It has about 320 pairs of black baleen plates with dark gray bristles in the blue whale's jaws. These plates can be 35-39 inches (90cm-1m) long, 21 inches (53cm) wide, and weigh 200 pounds (90kg). The tongue weighs 4 tons. Blue whales live individually or in very small pods (groups). They frequently swim in pairs. When the whale comes to the surface of the water, it takes a large breath of air. Then it dives back into the water, going to a depth of 350 feet (105m). Diving is also the way in which whales catch most of their food. Whales can stay under water for up to two hours without coming to the surface for more air. Blue whales breath air at the surface of the water through 2 blowholes located near the top of the head. ? They breathe about 1-4 times per minute at rest, and 5-12 times per minute after a deep dive? (Hasley 1984) Their blow is a single stream that rises 40-50 feet (12-15m) above the surface of the water. They are also very fast swimmers; they normally swim 3-20 mph, but can go up to 24-30mph in bursts when in danger. Feeding speeds are slower, usually about 1-4mph. The whales emit very loud, highly structured, repetitive low-frequency sounds that can travel form many miles underwater. They are probab ly the loudest animals alive, louder than a jet

Get Hired Faster What to Do When You Interview [Infographic]

Get Hired Faster What to Do When You Interview [Infographic] We all know what to do when we go on an interview- right? Dress up, say hello, give a firm handshake. There’s actually a lot more that you can do before you even pull on a suit and walk through the door. For starters, it helps to put some time in. Find out what you can about the company- that can lead to insightful interview questions during the actual interview. Then you can even plan out your trip to the interview, including the route and parking.It never hurts to investigate the people you’re interviewing with, too. There are also some dos and don’ts, from dressing appropriately (a plus) to leaving your cell phone on (a minus).Then, remember essential politeness. Be kind- to everyone and remember names. Be specific and be positive, and understand what the post-interview timeline is.Need some helpful interview reminders? Use this helpful infographic: [Source: Akkencloud]

The easiest way to settle office grammar disputes

The easiest way to settle office grammar disputes The easiest way to settle office grammar disputes Like it or not, we all end up getting thrown into arguments about whether something weve written is correct. This could be a colleague picking you up on your apostrophes. Or it might be a subtle point of style that your manager crosses out with angry red pen. It may just be a snide Facebook comment from someone who sees correcting the grammar of strangers as the highest good in earthly existence. Seemingly minor disputes like this can blow up into major arguments and tetchy, defensive disputes. And while some people can devote over forty thousand words to debating capitalisation after a colon, for most of us this isnt the best use of our time. So how do you settle an argument over whats right and wrong as quickly as possible? Seeking the Authority The easiest thing would be to check against the correct usage in the book that says what counts as correct English. But heres the thing: there is no such book. Nor is there any individual person. There is nobody, at all, on the planet, whom you can ask for the definitive answer on whether or not a particular piece of usage is absolutely correct. But surely this is too much? Dont some things stay the same? Not really. In language, very little is safe from change. Practically every area of English has changed in some way: from fundamental aspects of grammar right down to the meaning of words. For example, the word ‘December’ originally meant ‘the tenth month of the year’. So you might want to think twice about inviting pedants to Christmas dinner – unless you want someone turning up with mince pies in October. Where does this leave us? Were all passengers on a ship without a captain. But dont worry, its fine: we dont need one. We dont need a gold standard, just a set of conventions that most people agree on – especially in professional contexts. To draw an analogy: theres no single authority to tell you that showing up to a job interview at a consulting firm in board shorts and a tank top is the wrong thing to do. And maybe in fifty years surfer chic will be de rigeur for any aspiring professional. But for the moment were happy to call this wrong. This is all very interesting, but how does it help you when you need to check which conventions to obey? And which ones to ignore? Heres a rundown of three ports of call when youre in the midst of an office argument: Single words We recommend picking a good dictionary to use across your organisation. For example, at Emphasis we use Collins English Dictionary. This allows us to spell and hyphenate words consistently. Rather than spending time debating whether or not to write coordinate or co-ordinate, we just use their first preferred variant. Grammar and punctuation rules So many of the arguments we see professionals have are based on half-remembered superstitions from school. But its best to skip this act of strained remembrance and go directly to the best available information. Some of the best ports of call here are books written by linguists whove looked into these matters in detail, and offer facts instead of conjecture. For example, Steven Pinker’s The Sense of Style, which contains extremely in-depth analysis of dozens of grammar rules (or supposed rules). If someone is bringing out grammatical artillery during your discussion, Pinker is an excellent guide through the confusion. A lot of other arguments come from an over-reliance on rules of thumb about good writing (such as the golden rule that you should never use the passive voice). When you come across this kind of debate, we recommend Joseph Williams Style: Ten Lessons in Clarity and Grace and his nuanced, up-to-date analysis of what precisely makes good writing. Huge swathes of the finicky arguments that you can get into over split infinitives or starting a sentence with an And or a But can be solved by pointing people to these kinds of sources. But what if your argumentative friend continues to disagree with professors of linguistics on the matter? You may have just spotted either a lost cause, or an argument that is threatening to take up too much of your time. Points of style Some questions will never be ultimately decided. For example, the capitalisation of job titles varies considerably across organisations and contexts. So theres flexibility on this point when choosing a style for yourself or your organisation. Making decisions about these sorts of questions every time you encounter them is a big waste of time and a recipe for inconsistency across your organisation. One of the best ways round this is to get into the habit of checking style guides. Good examples are the style guides of The Economist and the Guardian. Theyve already done the work of looking into questions about grammar and usage, and tend to offer much more succinct recommendations than youll find if you trawl through the internet looking for answers. And our own style guide, The Write Stuff, is designed specifically to help you with the questions you face most in your day-to-day writing. These include questions like how to capitalise job titles or how to write common abbreviations like CEO. Youll find all the answers in one place – and you can download your free copy here. (Well be talking more about the ways style guides can help you at work next week.) Beware rabbit holes Above all, make sure that the time you spend looking into these questions is time well spent. The main problem with looking things up is it can work too well. You can easily end up spending hours reading about the tiniest points of usage and style. For example, here are over 20 blog posts, written by reasonable, informed users of English, on the differences between that and which. This is just too much information when youre trying to solve an argument quickly. Instead, we recommend taking one of the three routes above for solving each question, ending your disputes, and getting on with your life. Don’t forget: if you’d like a handy reference for resolving some of those office-based style matters, you can download a free PDF of our guide The Write Stuff here. And if you’d like our help with developing a style guide for your company, get in touch. Image credit: Junial Enterprises / Shutterstock

Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Land law - Essay Example 15,000 for the purpose of them being a home together and Mr Winston used this sum to purchase the property along with a mortgage in his sole name. There doesn’t appear to be any express valid trust regarding Miss Kaur’s contribution however Miss will most likely have a proprietary right in equity under resulting trust3. Resulting trusts usually involve contribution to the initial cost of the family home, which is registered solely in the name of another person4. Equity does not presume an outright gift, but rather a presumption that the contributing party intended to retain a beneficial interest in the property5 (despite no evidence of actual intention). Whilst this approach has been criticised theoretically as the imposition of an â€Å"artificial presumption6†, it is arguably a necessary approach to protect third party interests7. On this basis, Miss Kaur may be able to claim an equitable interest in the Property under resulting trust and on this basis Mr Winst on will have held the Property as sole trustee with there being two co-owners in equity8. As the Property was held in trust and there is only one trustee of the land and two co-owners, Ms Winston will not be able to rely on the doctrine of overreaching to negate Miss Kaur’s interest9. Moreover, as Miss Kaur has an equitable interest on grounds of resulting trust, Section 3310 of the LRA provides that trusts are not registerable as notices on the register and therefore Miss Kaur’s interest will not have been registered. Furthermore, the effect of Section 26 of the LRA is that purchasers are entitled to proceed, in the absence of such an entry on the register on the basis that there are no limitations on the owner’s powers11. As Miss Kaur has an equitable interest in the Property under the trust, her interest will only be binding on third parties if it constitutes an overriding interest12. Schedule 3, paragraph 2 of the LRA protects overriding interests of those w ith rights to the property that are in actual occupation13. However, in the current scenario, Miss Kaur was away for over a year and did not live in the property. Accordingly, Miss Kaur will not be able to establish an overriding interest by virtue of actual occupation. Therefore, on this basis Ms Winston will hold the Property on trust for Miss Kaur and any proceeds of any potential sale will be held on trust for Miss Kaur in proportion to her contributing share to the purchase price14. 3: Miss Thomas With regard to Miss Thomas, she did not contribute to the purchase price however she undertook significant renovations and modernisation to the kitchen and gave up her local housing authority home to live in the Property on the basis of Mr Winston’s representations. Therefore, Miss Thomas may have an equitable proprietary interest under common intention constructive trust15. The leading case of Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset16 highlighted the essential requirements for the imposition of a constructive trust asserting its foundation in the common intention of the parties to share the properties. Lord Bridge further asserted in this case that intention could be express or inferred from conduct17. Furthermore, Lord Bridge in highlighting the reasoning in Gissing v Gissing18 asserted the concept of

Standardisation of 0.02moldm-3 Potassium Permanganate Solution using Lab Report

Standardisation of 0.02moldm-3 Potassium Permanganate Solution using Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (Ammonium Iron (II) Sulphate) - Lab Report Example The reaction between these two chemical moieties is a typical Redox reaction in which electron exchange takes place as depicted below: 9.8 grams of Ferrous Ammonium sulphate was carefully weighed and transferred to a volumetric flask. 150 milliliters of Sulphuric Acid was added to prevent hydrolysis and the mixture was stirred until the solid dissolved completely. The volume was made up to the mark with de-ionized water. 25 milliliters of the solution was removed from the flask with a pipette and titrated with the KMno4 solution until the first appearance of permanent pink colour. At the endpoint all of the Fe2+ has been used up (reacted) and the purple permanganate is no longer converted to colourless Mn+2 so the pink colour remains and the reaction solution will have a permanent pink tinge to it (Web, Undated). A second titration was performed to substantiate data for analysis and reduce scope for error. The strength of the unknown Potassium permanganate solution in this reaction is calculated by titrating it a known molar solution of Ferrous Ammonium sulphate which provides us with the molarity of the KMnO4 solution. This experiment proves that when molar composition of one chemical compound is known, and we can have a physical end point in a redox reaction with visible colour change, we can standardize the strength of an unknown compound by using the technique of volumetric

Is Genetics the New Eugenics Essay Example for Free

Is Genetics the New Eugenics Essay Introduction As a rÐ µsult of gÐ µnÐ µtic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnts sincÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µarly 1970s, nÐ µw knowlÐ µdgÐ µ and subsÐ µquÐ µntly nÐ µw forms of control ovÐ µr DNA, human biology and thÐ µ physiological procÐ µssÐ µs rÐ µlating to hÐ µalth and disÐ µasÐ µ havÐ µ bÐ µgun to Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µ. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ rapid and accÐ µlÐ µrating progrÐ µss bÐ µing madÐ µ in what is now bÐ µing rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd to as thÐ µ nÐ µw gÐ µnÐ µtics has consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs far bÐ µyond thÐ µ application of gÐ µnÐ µtic tÐ µchnologiÐ µs and tÐ µchniquÐ µs in laboratory sÐ µttings. Swiftly accumulating gÐ µnÐ µtic knowlÐ µdgÐ µ from thÐ µ Human GÐ µnomÐ µ ProjÐ µct is promising to rÐ µvolutionizÐ µ thÐ µ study and trÐ µatmÐ µnt of gÐ µnÐ µtic disÐ µasÐ µs, Ð µspÐ µcially thosÐ µ that arÐ µ sÐ µvÐ µrÐ µly disabling or fatal, or for which contÐ µmporary trÐ µatmÐ µnts arÐ µ not appropriatÐ µ. ThÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of nÐ µw gÐ µnÐ µtic tÐ µchnologiÐ µs has rÐ µsultÐ µd in comparisons bÐ µing drawn bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ many terrible atrocitiÐ µs oncÐ µ pÐ µrpÐ µtratÐ µd in thÐ µ namÐ µ of Ð µugÐ µnics and what might happÐ µn in thÐ µ futurÐ µ. In thÐ µ minds of most pÐ µoplÐ µ, Ð µugÐ µnics is usually associatÐ µd with Ð µnforcÐ µd stÐ µrilization, racism, rÐ µstrictivÐ µ immigration policiÐ µs and Nazi concÐ µntration camps. (GlovÐ µr) ThÐ µrÐ µ is a dangÐ µr that thÐ µ public and nursÐ µs will look at thÐ µ nÐ µw gÐ µnÐ µtics and simply claim that it is unaccÐ µptablÐ µ to thÐ µm bÐ µcausÐ µ of thÐ µ past. ThÐ µ history of Ð µugÐ µnics in thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury suggÐ µsts that this is a lÐ µgitimatÐ µ fÐ µar that nÐ µÃ µds to bÐ µ addrÐ µssÐ µd. ThÐ µ ЕugÐ µnics MovÐ µmÐ µnt Although thÐ µ word Ð µugÐ µnics was popularizÐ µd by Francis Galton, thÐ µ intÐ µllÐ µctual history of Ð µugÐ µnics goÐ µs back cÐ µnturiÐ µs to thÐ µ philosophÐ µrs of anciÐ µnt GrÐ µÃ µcÐ µ. ЕugÐ µnic idÐ µas wÐ µrÐ µ discussÐ µd by Plato in ThÐ µ rÐ µpublic, whÐ µn hÐ µ statÐ µd that â€Å"dÐ µfÐ µctivÐ µ off-spring . . . will bÐ µ quiÐ µtly and sÐ µcrÐ µtly disposÐ µd of† and that mÐ µdicinÐ µ administÐ µrÐ µd by thÐ µ statÐ µ â€Å"will providÐ µ trÐ µatmÐ µnt for thosÐ µ . . . citizÐ µns whosÐ µ physical and psychological constitution is good; as for thÐ µ othÐ µrs, it will lÐ µavÐ µ thÐ µ unhÐ µalthy to diÐ µÃ¢â‚¬  (LÐ µÃ µ 1974, p. 174). ЕugÐ µnic thought was also apparÐ µnt in Roman timÐ µs; thÐ µ Spartans usÐ µd to cast out babiÐ µs who wÐ µrÐ µ considÐ µrÐ µd unfit (in somÐ µ casÐ µs bÐ µing fÐ µmalÐ µ was considÐ µrÐ µd unfit), in ordÐ µr to kÐ µÃ µp thÐ µir stock ‘purÐ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. ThÐ µsÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic opinions wÐ µrÐ µ justifiÐ µd as socially accÐ µptablÐ µ bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µy wÐ µrÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in tÐ µrms of bÐ µing in thÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µsts of thÐ µ statÐ µ. This concÐ µrn with thÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µsts of thÐ µ statÐ µ was part of Galtons transformation of Ð µugÐ µnic idÐ µas into a social thÐ µory. Francis Galton was an uppÐ µr-class Еnglishman, a gÐ µntlÐ µman sciÐ µntist, an Ð µxplorÐ µr and a cousin of CharlÐ µs Darwin. HÐ µ is gÐ µnÐ µrally considÐ µrÐ µd to bÐ µ thÐ µ foundÐ µr of thÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnt. (WiklÐ µr 1999) Coining thÐ µ word Ð µugÐ µnics from classical GrÐ µÃ µk roots (Ð µu mÐ µaning wÐ µll and gÐ µnos mÐ µaning birth), Galton claimÐ µd that this nÐ µw concÐ µpt should focus or thÐ µ study of agÐ µnciÐ µs undÐ µr social control that may improvÐ µ or impair thÐ µ racial qualitiÐ µs of futurÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µrations, Ð µithÐ µr physically or mÐ µntally and that it should bÐ µ a sciÐ µncÐ µ which dÐ µals with all influÐ µncÐ µs that improvÐ µ and dÐ µvÐ µlop thÐ µ inborn qualitiÐ µs of a racÐ µ (Galton 1904, p. 82). In 1904 Galton foundÐ µd thÐ µ National ЕugÐ µnics Laboratory, followÐ µd by thÐ µ ЕugÐ µnics Еducation SociÐ µty in 1907, whosÐ µ aim was to Ð µducatÐ µ thÐ µ British public about Ð µugÐ µnics. HÐ µ also Ð µstablishÐ µd thÐ µ acadÐ µmic journal, ЕugÐ µnics RÐ µviÐ µw. (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1999) Although intÐ µrÐ µst in Ð µugÐ µnic idÐ µals first arosÐ µ in Britain, it sprÐ µad rapidly to most of thÐ µ industrializÐ µd arÐ µas of thÐ µ world by thÐ µ turn of thÐ µ cÐ µntury. ThÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic movÐ µmÐ µnts in many othÐ µr countriÐ µs, Ð µvÐ µn in thosÐ µ with such disparatÐ µ culturÐ µs as thÐ µ USA, Canada, Russia, FrancÐ µ, Norway, SwÐ µdÐ µn, Italy, ArgÐ µntina, MÐ µxico, South Africa, India, China and Japan. (WÐ µiss 1987) Most industrializÐ µd sociÐ µtiÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncing similar changÐ µs and pattÐ µrns of dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt at thÐ µ start of thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury. ThÐ µ prÐ µ-Ð µxisting intÐ µllÐ µctual climatÐ µ of social Darwinism, in conjunction with thÐ µ litÐ µraturÐ µ producÐ µd by lÐ µading Ð µugÐ µnicists and thÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ of rapidly changing social conditions, such as continuÐ µd industrialization, thÐ µ growth of big businÐ µssÐ µs, thÐ µ sprawling of citiÐ µs and slums, and massivÐ µ migrations from thÐ µ countrysidÐ µ and abroad, all combinÐ µd to crÐ µatÐ µ popular Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnts in many placÐ µs. (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995) SÐ µarlÐ µ has aptly summarizÐ µd thÐ µ popularity of thÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnt in Britain bÐ µforÐ µ World War II. (SÐ µarlÐ µ 1976) HÐ µ claims that it gainÐ µd popularity bÐ µcausÐ µ sciÐ µncÐ µ was hÐ µld in high Ð µstÐ µÃ µm during thÐ µ first half of thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury; it providÐ µd validation of class and racial inÐ µqualitiÐ µs; it was a rÐ µsponsÐ µ to pÐ µrcÐ µivÐ µd inÐ µfficiÐ µnciÐ µs in social wÐ µlfarÐ µ policiÐ µs, and it providÐ µd an altÐ µrnativÐ µ to what was thought of as thÐ µ facilÐ µ Ð µnvironmÐ µntalism of thÐ µ latÐ µ Victorian Ð µra (SÐ µarlÐ µ 1976, pp.114-15). ThÐ µ factors hÐ µ discussÐ µs with rÐ µgard to Britain wÐ µrÐ µ applicablÐ µ to both thÐ µ USA and GÐ µrmany and to Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnts world-widÐ µ. All sociÐ µtiÐ µs had povÐ µrty, crimÐ µ, prostitution, alcoholism and disÐ µasÐ µ, which wÐ µrÐ µ bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd to bÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µtically rÐ µlatÐ µd and hÐ µncÐ µ amÐ µnablÐ µ to Ð µugÐ µnic mÐ µasurÐ µs, (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995) but thÐ µy had nÐ µvÐ µr bÐ µforÐ µ possÐ µssÐ µd thÐ µ wÐ µight of statistical information, Ð µxpanding yÐ µarly by volumÐ µs, that numÐ µrically dÐ µtailÐ µd thÐ µ magnitudÐ µ of its problÐ µms (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995, p. 72). (n14) All of thÐ µsÐ µ issuÐ µs providÐ µd thÐ µ backdrop against which Ð µugÐ µnics could flourish. ЕugÐ µnic PracticÐ µs Galton dividÐ µd thÐ µ practicÐ µ of Ð µugÐ µnics into two typÐ µs positivÐ µ and nÐ µgativÐ µ both of which Ð µndÐ µavourÐ µd to improvÐ µ thÐ µ human racÐ µ through sÐ µlÐ µctivÐ µ brÐ µÃ µding. PositivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics aimÐ µd at Ð µncouraging parÐ µnts with charactÐ µristics or traits that wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µÃ µmÐ µd laudablÐ µ by sociÐ µty to producÐ µ morÐ µ childrÐ µn, whÐ µrÐ µas nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics attÐ µmptÐ µd to minimisÐ µ thÐ µ transmission to futurÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µrations of traits that wÐ µrÐ µ lifÐ µ-thrÐ µatÐ µning, harmful or of no civic worth. ThÐ µ policy mÐ µasurÐ µs that wÐ µrÐ µ advocatÐ µd by Ð µarly Ð µugÐ µnicists during thÐ µ first dÐ µcadÐ µs of thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury in pursuit of both positivÐ µ and nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly variÐ µd. PoliciÐ µs for nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics, howÐ µvÐ µr, wÐ µrÐ µ far morÐ µ common and morÐ µ frÐ µquÐ µntly implÐ µmÐ µntÐ µd, and so arÐ µ discussÐ µd first. ThÐ µ first systÐ µmatic attÐ µmpts to dÐ µvÐ µlop mandatory nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic policiÐ µs and programmÐ µs occurrÐ µd in thÐ µ USA. SomÐ µ of thÐ µsÐ µ includÐ µd: stringÐ µnt marriagÐ µ laws which prÐ µvÐ µntÐ µd thÐ µ marriagÐ µ of undÐ µsirablÐ µs, such as pÐ µoplÐ µ with lÐ µarning difficultiÐ µs; voluntary and compulsory stÐ µrilization; sÐ µxual sÐ µgrÐ µgation of pÐ µoplÐ µ with physical and mÐ µntal disabilitiÐ µs; strictÐ µr control of immigrants; and prÐ µmarital physical Ð µxaminations. ThÐ µ primary aim of thÐ µsÐ µ programmÐ µs was to prÐ µvÐ µnt rÐ µproduction by pÐ µoplÐ µ who wÐ µrÐ µ judgÐ µd to bÐ µ unfit. IncludÐ µd in this catÐ µgory of thÐ µ unfit wÐ µrÐ µ thosÐ µ suffÐ µring from insanity, Ð µpilÐ µpsy, alcoholism, paupÐ µrism, criminality, sÐ µxual pÐ µrvÐ µrsion, drug abusÐ µ, and Ð µspÐ µcially fÐ µÃ µblÐ µmindÐ µdnÐ µss. (Hubbard 1986, p.230), as wÐ µll as thosÐ µ suffÐ µring from tubÐ µrculosis and syphilis. (GlovÐ µr) Of all of thÐ µsÐ µ nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic options, stÐ µrilization was thÐ µ onÐ µ that was practisÐ µd thÐ µ most widÐ µly. In GÐ µrmany, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn 1900 and thÐ µ 19308, at lÐ µast 200 000 pÐ µrsons who wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µÃ µmÐ µd unfit to rÐ µproducÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ stÐ µrilizÐ µd. (GlovÐ µr 2005, p. 134) In thÐ µ USA in 1927, a notorious SuprÐ µmÐ µ Court casÐ µ uphÐ µld a statÐ µ statutÐ µ for stÐ µrilizing CarriÐ µ Buck, a â€Å"fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ-mindÐ µd Ð µightÐ µÃ µn yÐ µar old who was thÐ µ daughtÐ µr of a fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ-mindÐ µd mothÐ µr and thÐ µ mothÐ µr of an illÐ µgitimatÐ µ fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ-mindÐ µd child† (Annas 1981, p.18). Individuals with mÐ µntal dÐ µfÐ µcts wÐ µrÐ µ bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd to havÐ µ inhÐ µritÐ µd thÐ µir condition and wÐ µrÐ µ thought to bÐ µ incurablÐ µ. ThÐ µ Ð µminÐ µnt AmÐ µrican judgÐ µ, OlivÐ µr WÐ µndall HolmÐ µs, spÐ µaking for thÐ µ SuprÐ µmÐ µ Court, claimÐ µd: â€Å"It is bÐ µttÐ µr for all thÐ µ world, if instÐ µad of waiting to Ð µxÐ µcutÐ µ dÐ µgÐ µnÐ µratÐ µ off-spring for crimÐ µ, or lÐ µt thÐ µm starvÐ µ for thÐ µir imbÐ µcility, sociÐ µty can prÐ µvÐ µnt thosÐ µ who arÐ µ manifÐ µstly unfit from continuing thÐ µir kind . . . ThrÐ µÃ µ gÐ µnÐ µrations of imbÐ µcilÐ µs arÐ µ Ð µnough. † (Buchanan 2000, p. 46). PositivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic policiÐ µs covÐ µrÐ µd mÐ µasurÐ µs dÐ µsignÐ µd to Ð µncouragÐ µ thÐ µ procrÐ µation of bÐ µttÐ µr childrÐ µn and thÐ µ promotion of a Ð µugÐ µnic consciÐ µncÐ µ in sociÐ µty. Many positivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnicists tÐ µndÐ µd to bÐ µ social radicals, such as GÐ µorgÐ µ BÐ µrnard Shaw, and wÐ µrÐ µ oftÐ µn inclinÐ µd to utopian visions. Galton, howÐ µvÐ µr, advocatÐ µd a systÐ µm of arrangÐ µd marriagÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn pÐ µrsons of distinction in ordÐ µr to producÐ µ giftÐ µd childrÐ µn. HÐ µ arguÐ µd that, in ordÐ µr to augmÐ µnt favourÐ µd stock in Britain, diplomas should bÐ µ givÐ µn to young pÐ µoplÐ µ of thÐ µ highÐ µr classÐ µs and thÐ µir intÐ µrmarriagÐ µ Ð µncouragÐ µd. (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995) OnÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ of a positivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic programmÐ µ that rÐ µachÐ µd fruition was thÐ µ spÐ µcial matÐ µrnity hospitals and homÐ µs for Ð µxpÐ µctant mothÐ µrs in GÐ µrmany that wÐ µrÐ µ part of HÐ µinrich HimmlÐ µrs LÐ µbÐ µnsborn programmÐ µ. (WÐ µindling 2000) OthÐ µr Ð µxamplÐ µs includÐ µd calls for thÐ µ rÐ µgistration of midwivÐ µs in thÐ µ hopÐ µ that thÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µral standard of childcarÐ µ would bÐ µ improvÐ µd. In thÐ µ UK proposals wÐ µrÐ µ madÐ µ for tax rÐ µbatÐ µs to hÐ µlp covÐ µr thÐ µ costs of matÐ µrnity and child-rÐ µaring, Ð µspÐ µcially for mÐ µritorious familiÐ µs (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995, p.91). Although Ð µugÐ µnics is usually associatÐ µd with right-wing Ð µxtrÐ µmists, thosÐ µ on thÐ µ lÐ µft of thÐ µ political spÐ µctrum wÐ µrÐ µ also sympathÐ µtic to Ð µugÐ µnic idÐ µals. ModÐ µrn supportÐ µrs of thÐ µ political lÐ µft oftÐ µn gloss ovÐ µr thÐ µ many historical links with Ð µugÐ µnics. (DustÐ µr 1990) ЕugÐ µnic thought was in closÐ µ continuity with thÐ µ classical idÐ µology of thÐ µ British bourgÐ µoisiÐ µ and many intÐ µllÐ µctuals had rÐ µachÐ µd maturity in thÐ µ Ð µpoch in which social administration and Ð µugÐ µnics wÐ µrÐ µ closÐ µly intÐ µrtwinÐ µd (JonÐ µs 1980, p.170). HowÐ µvÐ µr, World War II and its aftÐ µrmath, during which thÐ µ horrors of mÐ µdical Ð µxpÐ µrimÐ µntation and mass Ð µxtÐ µrmination wÐ µrÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µalÐ µd, is oftÐ µn sÐ µÃ µn as thÐ µ dÐ µcisivÐ µ factor in thÐ µ rÐ µjÐ µction of Ð µugÐ µnics. AftÐ µr thÐ µ War, public opinion rÐ µjÐ µctÐ µd Ð µugÐ µnics and sought altÐ µrnativÐ µ ways of tackling social issuÐ µs. ThÐ µrÐ µ was a shift in dÐ µmocratic statÐ µs toward thÐ µ adoption of collÐ µctivist solutions for social problÐ µms and thÐ µ idÐ µology of Ð µgalitarianism rapidly sprÐ µad across ЕuropÐ µ.

Protecting The Symbol of Our Country :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Protecting The Symbol of Our Country    On June 12,1997 the Flag Amendment was passed in the House of Representatives by a vote of 310 to 114. The Amendment gives Congress the right to prevent the physical desecration of the American flag. â€Å"Today’s vote is strong evidence that the voice of the American people has been heard and heeded by the US House of Representatives†(Flag Alliance, Inc. 1), says Maj. Gen. Patrick Brady, who is the head of the Citizens Flag Alliance(CFA). Today, forty-nine state legislatures have made it clear to Congress that they want flag protection laws. However, not everyone is in favor of these laws. These â€Å"radicals† or â€Å"revolutionists† as they like to call themselves, feel that burning the flag is their constitutional right under the first amendment: freedom of speech. (You might want to go ahead and establish your thesis here.   It shows up in the next paragraph, and that's okay too though.)    I strongly support the flag protection amendment. â€Å"The flag is a symbol of our great nation and all that we stand for. No other American symbol has been as universally honored or has bestowed such honor as the flag†(Flag Alliance, Inc. 1), says Rep. William Lipinski of Illinois. Those who destroy the flag, or view it as just a design on a piece of cloth lack the understanding of our nations(AP) history, and take their American citizenship for granted. They burn the flag only to get attention, or because they are angry with the government, and see it as a way of getting back at them. My solution to these people who are aggravated with our government is to move somewhere else. Try living in China or Cuba, and see if you agree with the way they run their government. When you burn the flag you break the chains that holds you together in unity with the rest of the nation. (This is a pretty extreme metaphor.   You need to clearly establish why the desecration of the flag is s o damaging.   Also, look at your solution.   It is also extreme.   Will you effectively convince people who don't agree with you by being so extreme?   Some drama and emotion is good.   But remember that your audience will expect you to show open-mindedness as well.)    An astonishing eighty-one percent of Americans are in favor of the amendment.   This number shows how much of an affect the flag has on our country.

Harrison Bergeron Essay

Kurt Vonnegut’s short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† is about a futuristic society where beauty is destroyed to create equality. It centers around the highest official, appropriately named, the General Handicapper. His only role to to seek out and find to people who are skilled, pretty, or good at sports and forced them to hide away these talents through masks and waits. It is through basic literary elements that Vonnegut creates and develops the theme that general conformity leads to the deformation of humanity. The short story begins in the future, â€Å"The year was 2081† and Vonnegut immediately puts out the benefits of this futuristic society, stating â€Å"everybody was finally equal† and not just equal â€Å"before God† but in â€Å"every way† possible (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 7). Vonnegut’s description foreshadows what is to come in the novel and certainly this forced equality can only lead to a dangerous and potentially deadly ending. Conformity and the effects of uniformity is a common theme in the bulk of science fiction literature and Vonnegut’s short stories are no different. However, in â€Å"Harrison Bergergon† not just the theme of uniformity is explore but also the stripping away of humanity. This short story, the government forces everyone to be equal –â€Å"nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else. † (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 7). Government agents force people who are beautiful to wear ugly masks and people who are thin are forced to carry around weights. The goal of all this control is to make sure that everyone has the same handicaps, the same features, and the same feelings. Even odder is that smart people were forced to wear radios which interfered with there brain functional creating a human society where everyone was equally stupid. By eliminating the the issues, which modern society still deals with, of racism, sexism, and discrimination based on looks, Vonnegut’s future society should be healthy and happy because everyone is the same. However, in the pursuit of equality the loss of humanity took place. Humanity is based on the idea of independence and individualism. The featured protagonist of this short story and namesake is Harrison Bergeron. He is a bright and friendly boy who has the most hated qualities in his society. He is intelligent, handsome, tall, and strong. Due to Harrision’s features he is required to do several things to compensate for all his good quality. He is subject to radio noises which stops his concentration and focus. He has to carry hundreds of pounds of extra weight. He also have to wear sun glasses which gives him a head and he has to undergo surgery fort o make him ugly. While awaiting his surgery he escapes and takes over a news station. On air he takes off his handicaps and is revealed to society. When enters the station he is looks â€Å"like a walking junk yard,† required to wear â€Å"a red rubber ball for a nose, keep his eyebrows shaved off, and cover his even white teeth with black caps at snaggle-tooth random† ( Vonnegut, 1968, p. 21). He also meets up with a ballerina and she too casts off her imposed disabilities. When the couple dances they shrug off the law of gravity and the laws of motion as well,† leaping to kiss the thirty-foot ceiling until finally â€Å"they remained suspended in air inches below the ceiling, and they kissed each other for a long, long time. † It is then that Glampers enters with her shotgun† (Vonnegut, 1968, p.  22). Unfortunately both are killed by the General Handicapper. As a sub plot his parents are watching the news station but once everything is said and done they can not remember what has happened due their forced handicaps. Irony is another literary device that Vonnegut uses in this short story. Vonnegut comments on the look-ism which is apparent in American society. Vonnegut even appears cynical about what passes as average in America. â€Å"Hazel had a perfectly average intelligence, which meant she couldn’t think about anything except in short bursts† (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 20). The observation on the ballerinas continues the undercutting humor: â€Å"They weren’t really very good–no better than anybody else would have been, anyway† (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 20). Heavy irony emerges in the plodding Hazel’s missing the point, as when she sympathizes with the stuttering announcer for trying â€Å"real hard† to do his best or suggests George might remove some of his weights in the evenings. Compounding the irony she says, â€Å"‘I think I’d make a good Handicapper General. ‘ ‘Good as anybody else,’ said George. † The range of sounds and the comic brutality of their effect provides another source of comedy. One of George’s winces prompts Hazel to ask the cause. â€Å"Sounded like somebody hitting a milk bottle with a hammer,† he replies. Another sounds like a twenty-one gun salute that leaves George â€Å"white and trembling† and leaves two of the ballerinas on the floor clutching their temples. The final one is a riveting gun. â€Å"Gee–I could tell that one was a doozy,† said Hazel. â€Å"You can say that again,† said George. â€Å"Gee–† said Hazel–â€Å"I could tell that one was a doozy. † (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 41) Hazel’s stupid behavior and mindset symbolizes the dumbing down of America. In addition the television is equally symbolic. When this book was written, the television was now found in every home throughout the country. It became the way that people communicated and received news. Reading, literature, and human interaction decreased and was replaced by the mindless chatter of television shows and governmentally run news broadcasts. Hazel’s aversion to the old days when she could be made to feel like â€Å"something the cat dragged in† (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 22) obviously is not very persuasive The narration in â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† is also interesting. This is because the narration is third person, as if person is looking back on the events that just happened. Third person omnipresent is an interesting choice for narration because it allows the reader into the minds of all characters. For example Vonnegut reminds the readers, in third person narration Nobody can be in any way superior to anybody else, as guaranteed by â€Å"the 211th, 212th, and 213th Amendments to the Constitution, and to the unceasing vigilance of the agents of the United States Handicapper General† (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 20). In particular, the motivations of each character which inspire their actions and words. â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† is a very unique short story because Vonnegut manipulates basic literary elements and creates a satire of American ideals and societal norms. Vonnegut is able too, in a tongue and cheek manner, show how the government can create a society which lacks humanity. A government that is left uncontrolled can exert such great power that it can destroy what makes human unique creatures on this planet. In doing so, people become mindless and vulnerable to the governmental propaganda that tells the citizens of a society that these rules are for their own good.

An Analysis of the Dramatic Impact of the Restaurant Scene in Death of a Salesman Essay

Death of a Salesman was first performed in 1949 and was seen to be a powerful and moving piece of drama. I will now be going through the appeal and the impact of the play. First of all, the book of Death of a Salesman can be said to be a universal book, in the sense that it has broad range of themes and is a book for everybody. It has all sorts of aspects, and real life situations that one has to take in mind. Lets first look at the characters. Willy Loman is an insecure and self-deluding travelling salesman. Despite him desperately searching through his past, he is not the typical tragic hero that we have come to depict. He is rather a man who doesn’t achieve self-realization and self-knowledge. He fails to realize his personal failure, and an emotional and spiritual understanding of himself. Willy’s crucial problem is the failure to understand the anguished love that is offered to him. This is the real problem, and tragedy of the play. In the end, he is forced to making the most extreme sacrifice to allow Biff to follow the American Dream. In the end, we remember him by his quote that he made to Charley, â€Å"after all the highways, and the trains, and the appointments, and the years, you’re worth more dead than alive†. Biff Loman essentially wants to seek the truth about himself. While the father and brother alike, are in their self-delusional selves, and are unable to accept the miserable lives that they have, Biff accepts failure and confronts it. Essentially, Biff’s discovery of Willy’s affair drains him of all the faith he had in Willy. Willy sees Biff as an underachiever, and a person that could rise to the top, but Biff on the other hand sees himself trapped in his father’s unrealistic ambitions. Biff’s general identity crisis is a major aspect in the drama. In order to find it, he must expose his father’s delusions. Happy Loman is seen as Willy’s incarnation but with all his worst aspects. He is a difficult character to emphasize. He is a one-dimensional and emotionless character in the play. His empty vow at the end, which says he will â€Å"beat this racket†, is the full embodiment of the lie in which is the American Dream. He has blind ambitions, and is swallowed up by his lies that he is the assistant buyer, when in fact he is just an assistant to the assistant buyer, and is a no body. He is also depicted in this quote, â€Å" My own apartment, a car, and plenty of women, and still, goddamit, I’m lonely†. This idea represents that in fact, Happy has not got such a delightful life, as we have come to conclude, but in fact, he has an inner-emptiness. He feels as though he is a failure, and knows it, just like Willy, but never admits it. Linda Loman is one of the more reasonable characters in the play. She symbolises the need for patience and reason, as well as being the most realistic. She is practically the emotional core of the play. Well, the analysis of these characters should give an idea of what the play portrays. Here is the impact and the appeal, along with the major themes. The play is very much a mix of all sorts of different things, tragedy, social commentary and family drama. The American Dream is one of the most talked about issues in the entire play. Essentially, Willy depicts the American Dream very well. He believes wholeheartedly in what he considers its promise. He believes that a â€Å"well liked† and â€Å"personally attractive† man in business will indubitably possess all the material wealth and possessions that the world has to offer. However, his constant obsession with the vision of a superficial man with the qualities of being well liked and personally attractive is farfetched. Rather, a more understandable man would have depicted the American Dream as being identified as, hard working and positive approaching that leads to success. Eventually it is this very denial of how life works that destroys Willy. He approaches Bernard as a nerd because he studies hard and tries for success. Yet when he finds that Bernard reaches promise and success, and when he looks at his own life, he is left in a disparity, as he realises what a blind and fake kind of vision he lived for. It is actually this very idea that can be very appealing. It teaches a lesson about life, success and failure. How a man, fixed on a blind vision, realises that it is not superficial values that create a successful man, it is the desire to be the best, to want to learn, to strive for success, rather than wait for it. It is this very concept, in which we see a man crumble to a grinding halt. It is actually a truly remarkable aspect, as in it makes you think about life’s goals, and it is the educated people that prosper, not the fake. Another major issue in the play is betrayal. In the play, Willy constantly believes that Biff has betrayed him, in the sense that Biff hasn’t followed his ambitions and dreams that he had for him. Willy believes Biff has to follow his dreams and his path, and the moment Biff tries to reject this, he takes it personally, and says it’s spite. Overall, Willy fails as a salesman, to ultimately, sell the American Dream to his son. Then, Willy assumes that Biff has betrayed him because of his discovery of his affair with The Women. Whereas, Biff, who called Willy â€Å"a phoney little fake† believes Willy, with his unending ego-stroking lies, betrays him. What interests here, is the relationship between father and son. Here we have, a son dying for the truth and being realistic about what and who he is, confronting a father, surrounded by his own self-delusions about the American Dream, and to force it upon his son. This is a very interesting concept, which puts up the idea that Willy has really betrayed Biff, firstly because of his affair, which hurt Biff so much, as he loved his father and mother dearly, and also the fact that Biff is not given the chance to be realistic about himself and his family. I think it is the relations between father and son that are most interesting here. Another issue in the play, that the audience will notice, is abandonment. When Willy is a child, his father, leaving him and Ben alone, abandons him. Ben eventually leaves for Alaska, and Willy is left pondering over his warped vision of the American Dream. Thus, he tries desperately to prove it to his family, and Biff, who Willy loves dearly and has great ambitions for, drops Willy with his dreams when he finds out his betrayal to Linda. Finally, in the restaurant scene, which will be mentioned later, Willy finally believes his American Dream is coming to light, but all his illusions are shattered, and he is left babbling in the washroom. It seems that every abandonment causes great despair over Willy. It actually quite saddens the audience when they see this lonely figure of a man, living up to his fake dreams, to be shattered and let down by those dearest to him. What is interesting, is that how we come about seeing this. His abandonment by his sons can be seen to be his incapability of being realistic about life, and that is one of the main reasons why Biff is uneasy towards Willy. The fact that he is always in unrealistic dreams. So generally, it can be interpreted in different ways. One interesting point I would like to make is that Willy has this tendency to mythologize figures. In the play he has a very important quote, â€Å" And when I saw that, I realized that selling was the greatest career a man could want. Cause what could be more satisfying than to be able to go, at the age of eighty-four, into twenty or thirty different cities, and pick up the phone, and to be remembered and loved and helped by so many different people?† Willy speaks of Dave Singleman here, as a legend and the embodiment of the American Dream. Here is his mistake. His failure to understand his own life, leads to his demise. Willy fails to realise the loneliness, and hopelessness of Singleman’s job. It is that very failure to realise this, that sees both his sons abandon his fake Dream. It is also the fact that he mythologizes Biff and Happy. He is quoted as saying Biff is like Adonis and Happy like Hercules. This is because he believes Biff and Happy to be the absolute embodiment of the American Dream. He sees them as being perfect in every way required, but the reality is extremely different. Moreover, the fact that there includes many different types of symbols also makes you think. It can be said that the rubber hose is an important symbol in itself, as it constantly reminds us of Willy’s desperate attempts to commit suicide. Here, the rubber hose represents the attempts at killing himself with gas, which is, the supplier of his families basic needs. This very idea of inhaling gas is the concept that Willy thinks, is a crucial battle to afford such simple necessities. Diamonds are what I find, extremely puzzling. These diamonds represent two things to Willy. They are, the validation of ones labour, and the ability to pass actual material goods to children. They are both what Willy is craving for. On the other hand however, they are a representation of the discovery of Ben in Alaska, and Willy’s desperate failure as a Salesman. The mistake of Willy, essentially what he feels as well, is that he didn’t go with Ben to Alaska and peruse the American Dream for which he craved so much. Instead, he stayed for what the Dream promised, financial security. So, at the end Ben encourages Willy to enter the Jungle and obtain the diamond, thus, to kill himself for the insurance money to make his life meaningful in at least one sense. So, these ideas were the key concepts of the play. This is exactly what makes it a fantastically interesting and complicated piece of drama. The fact, that so many lessons are learned, so many ideas are played, so many themes and genres are come across. These are what make Death of a Salesman, a truly magnificent piece of writing. It is the fact that it takes the audience into a whole bundle of new ideas and aspects to consider that makes it remarkable. The fact also, that it is set in the 1980’s makes it even more interesting. It depicts the typical nature of the American Dream. Arthur Miller (the author) tries to get the idea across that the American Dream is nothing but an illusion; it is hard working that really matters. Maybe some time ago it was the case, but not now. This idea is clearly implied throughout the book. For example there is Biff’s struggle to get the concept of realism across to his father, there is Happy’s lies and failure, also Bernard’s excellent success, and also Charley’s success even when he was not well liked, and finally, Willy’s failure in life. It is all these ideas that make the play truly astonishing. Now, after describing the play as a whole, I will move on to the restaurant scene, one of the most important scenes in the entire play. It is the climax of the whole Drama. I will first describe the scene then explain and comment on it with quotes. It starts of with the scene in Frank’s Chop House. After Happy meets a particular girl, Miss Forsythe, Biff explains to Happy that he waited six hours to see Bill Oliver, and Oliver didn’t even remember him. He quotes after that, â€Å" I even believed myself that I’d been a salesman for him! And then he gave me one look and- I realized what a ridiculous lie my whole life has been. We’ve been talking in a dream for fifteen years, I was a shipping clerk.† Biff asks where he ever got the idea that he was a salesman for Oliver, he was only a shipping clerk. However, it was Willy’s lies and exaggerations that led him to believe he was a salesman when he actually wasn’t. Then Biff accounts how he stole Bill Oliver’s fountain pen and was disgusted with himself. Happy tells Biff to go tell Willy lies, and say he is thinking about the preposition and then Willy will eventually forget the whole matter. When Willy arrives, he reveals the shocking news, â€Å"I’m not interested in stories about the past or any crap of that kind because the woods are burning, boys, you understand? There’s a big blaze going on all around. I was fired today†. After that he states he needs some good news to go back to Linda with, because he is essentially in disparity, and his life is wrecked. Then everything goes off. Willy says to Biff that he can’t blame him because he is the one who failed math. Young Bernard appears in Willy’s flashback, telling the news to Linda, that Birnbaum flunked Biff. Biff gets completely confused at his father’s crazy statements, and tries to calm him down and explain the truth to him, but it reaches a stage where Willy refuses to listen to Biff’s story. In an absolute frenzy, Willy goes into a state of delirium and has a semi-daydream about the discovery of The Woman in the Boston hotel. Biff backs down, and then desperately starts to lie in an attempt to save his father, â€Å"Oliver talked to his partner about the Florida idea. You listening? He-he talked to his partner, and came to me†¦ I’m going to be all right, you hear? Dad, listen to me, he said it was a question of amount!† Then, when Biff can’t lie anymore, because he is afraid that Willy will get hurt, Willy is insulted by Biff, thinking it is spite and lashes out at his son, he quotes â€Å"You rotten little louse, are you spiting me?† whereas Biff would never do that, because he loves his father and only wants to help him. Then Willy goes off into the washroom and talks to himself. Biff returns to Happy in the Chop House, and accuses Happy of not caring about his father. Essentially Biff reveals the real character that Happy is. Biff tells him in a crucial quote, â€Å" I sense it, you don’t give a goddam about him.† Happy says he should go out with the ladies. Biff leaves in guilt and anguish. Happy claims to the ladies that Willy is not his father, â€Å"he’s just a guy† and then he frantically asks for the bill, Stanley doesn’t respond, so they all leave, and Willy is left babbling in the washroom alone. So, before I get on to the scene with The Woman, I want to explain this. First of all, as Willy has encountered Howard, Bernard and Charley, and has seen their success, his dreams are seriously dented. His illusions and constructed reality is falling apart. Biff wants to essentially leave behind all the lies and fake illusions and start a new beginning, one with his father relating to honesty. Willy, however, wants his sons to aid him in constructing a false truth. One that includes reliving the American Dream for him. Willy takes Biff so far, as to produce a false report of the interview with Bill Oliver and Happy is very willing to accept. When Biff starts to produce a negative report, Happy jumps in with positive remarks to keep the talk going, he quotes, â€Å"Sure pop, sure, he told him my Florida idea†. He comes up with false information about the interview, and here, it is absolutely clear that he has only his own interests in mind, however the damning evidence comes la ter. After a moment of weakness and defeat, Willy’s ultimate fear is lived in the restaurant. He is in an emotional breakdown, and needs Biff and Happy to give him confidence, as he knows he is not liked anymore, and he knows it better than anybody. Eventually we see the state of abandonment as before, when Biff and Happy reject him. Willy’s dream is coming apart, and Happy and Biff have dented it more than any other. For Biff, the experience of finding out the truth about himself and the fact that he is not a salesman for Bill Oliver, makes him even more determined to crack the lies that surround him, at any cost. Willy refuses to hear out Biff because he wants to stay in delusions. He doesn’t want the truth, because he realises how bitter it is, and he knows it. Essentially it can be said that he can’t handle the truth. On top of that Biff doesn’t want to hear Willy’s lies because he is tired of them, he doesn’t want them repeated and repeated. He wants his Dad to realise him. Biff believes, that he must conquer the heavy lies put on him, and realise the truth about his personal degradation. Both Willy and Biff know the differences between the death of a salesman in Singleman and Willy’s own pathetic vision of death. The basis here is that Biff understands that behind the American Dream lies a lonely, and terrible death, one that Singleman himself had. Happy and Linda want Willy to die as he is, in delusions and false truth, but Biff is determined to reach the real truth. Now, this is essentially what is going on in this scene. Biff tries desperately to uncover the lies about himself and Willy, but Willy won’t let him explain. It’s as almost if Willy doesn’t want to hear. Another point to add is that before Biff tries to explain things, we find out he is slightly on alcohol and nervous, and it is essentially because he wants to say he is worthless, a no body, and a bum, something that his father will not accept. Biff tries to explain but Willy won’t let him. This implies Willy is saying, I want to stay in illusions, I’m empty, I don’t want to know the truth. Biff then quotes, ‘His answer was- Dad you’re not letting me tell you what I want you to hear!’ This is very interesting, because Biff is about to tell a half lie, but that’s not what he wants to do, because he wants to get straight. He wants to come out with the truth, and he also loves his father, and doesn’t want to hurt him. With the key line of ‘he’s just a guy’ Happy shows himself as a distorted, thinner image of Willy. However, Willy has a good side to him, his love for his family, and his sense of humour are his good sides. Overall, this scene where we see Biff and Happy, can be said to be the emotional climax of the whole play, as many different ideas and concepts are revealed. Now, I will be describing the scene where Willy is left alone in the rest room, and is in a flashback. When his sons have departed from the Chop House, Willy is left alone in his daydreams and flashbacks about Biff’s visit to Boston. In his daydream he is in a hotel room in Boston with his mistress. After telephoning repeatedly, Biff is knocking on the door. The Woman pesters Willy to go answer. We learn something new about her, as she quotes, â€Å" You know you ruined me, Willy? From now on, whenever you come to the office, I’ll see that you go right through to the buyers. No waiting at my desk any more, Willy. You ruined me.† She doesn’t ‘t actually mean Willy ruined her, but it is just a sort of joke. However, this means, that Willy met her in a buyer’s office and she was presumably, the secretary. Willy is clearly nervous about the surprise visitor, and he orders her to stay in the washroom because it might be a clerk investigating their affair. Willy answers the door and Biff is there. He tells Willy he flunked maths and asks Willy to persuade the teacher, Mr. Birnbaum, to pass him. Then Willy quotes, â€Å"Come on, let’s go downstairs and get you a malted.† Willy is clearly trying to get Biff out of the room quickly. When Biff imitates the maths teacher, The Woman laughs in the bathroom. Willy insists that it is nothing. The Woman suddenly enters the room. Willy quickly pushes her out into the hall way and says that she is a buyer staying in a room next door who needed to shower in Willy’s room, because her room was being painted. Biff then, astonished, sits on his suitcase, crying silently, and not buying his father’s lies at all. Willy says he will go talk to the math teacher, but in tears, Biff says he should forget it. The most harmful blow was when he quoted, â€Å" You-you gave her Mamas stockings!† Then he quotes, â€Å" You fake! You phoney little fake! You fake!† Biff leaves in tears, and Willy is left on the floor quoting, â€Å" I gave you an order! Biff, come back here or I’ll beat you! Come back here! I’ll whip you!† Stanley pulls Willy out of his daydream. Willy is still on his knees yelling and ordering Biff. Stanley pulls him back up, and Willy attempts to tip him, but Stanley sneakily puts it back into Willy’s pocket. Willy asks him frantically where a seed store is, he must plant something, he quotes, and â€Å"Nothing’s planted I don’t have a thing in the ground† So, what did this all mean? Well, Biff discovers the affair of Willy and calls him â€Å"phoney little fake†, so, this means that he suddenly, at that moment, realises what’s beneath Willy’s facade and despises the man behind it. This is what saddens Willy the most, to be exposed in that way. From then on, Willy decides that the reason for Biff rejecting his illusions and the reason for his failure in life is because of what he found out. Of course, in logic, Biff hated Willy for his affair, and therefore hated his ambitions and dreams as well. In this way, Willy mixes up professional with personal. Willy, in his understanding of the American Dream, believes that it has no need for professional success; rather, he thinks that one can derive happiness without these things. Essentially, he thinks success derives from immaterial and ephemeral concepts, of being â€Å"well liked† and having â€Å"personal attractiveness†. Willy believes, that because Biff doesn’t respect him anymore, as a father or person, he automatically rejects the American Dream. However, Willy is correct. This knowledge of the crime that Willy has committed tarnishes any emotional aspects, so therefore Biff rejects the whole idea of the fake American Dream, that Willy is so desperate to sell. Another aspect is the symbol of Linda’s stockings. Earlier in the play, Willy was preoccupied with the state of Linda’s stockings and her mending them. Until the restaurant scene, which is the most climatic scene where Biff tries to uncover all the lies surrounding the Loman household, the only subconscious trace of Willy’s adultery is the complete and utter persistence to throw away Linda’s stockings. These stockings are the ultimate symbol of betrayal and guilt, which overpowers Willy. When Biff then rejects his ambitions for him and the American Dream, his Dream also starts to crack. Willy’s delirious interest in the seed shop and the end reveals a lot about him. At that moment Willy is a failure. He is poor, unemployed and has nothing to give to his sons. He tries to give Stanley a dollar to portray to him at least that he does own something. However, it was a pretty pathetic and feeble attempt. Stanley though doesn’t accept it, because at that time he feels dear to Willy since both sons have left him. In addition, the failure to raise Biff the way he wanted means he has to plant some vegetables at least, to prove his labour and to raise something successfully. The quote at the end, â€Å"Nothing’s planted. I don’t have a thing in the ground†, is implying how Biff was able to break free of his American Dream, and the traditions of his family. Finally, the metaphor represents Willy’s natural preferences to do manual labour, and that being a salesman, was definitely the wrong choice to go with. So, I have come to an end and the only conclusion that I can make of the play, is that it is a fantastically good idea. The themes have an extraordinary range. These include betrayal, the American Dream, material success, commerce, truth vs. lies/fantasy, family, instinct, work, death and ‘dying well’. I’ll end with a quote made by Biff, which summed up Willy very well, â€Å"He had the wrong dreams. All, all wrong.† Background Information: The whole play addresses many painful conflicts regarding the American national values. It offers a post war personal tragedy reading. I think mostly; Miller is concerned with America revolving around the false myth that is based on capitalism and materialism constructed by the post war economy. A type of view, which was held highly by the founders of America. The challenge of the American Dream was very radical at the time of World War II. Radical as it was, many of the artists and philosophers took up the idea of realistic views and personal meaning. At that time this was unusual, and the government didn’t like the idea, they had confusion already in the country. However, many people, even then, had so many conflicts, which included racial and economical, that they couldn’t take up the idea of a social reformation. Many people still kept their ideological interests in hand. However in this day and age, it is obvious that the ideas of people like Arthur Miller have been put into practise, and now, the emphasis is of the American Dream is that it only works if you want to succeed and get to the top by working hard and being positive that you will do well. So, as a final comment, I think that Arthur Miller’s ideas and concepts managed to change the way people think about how society and families work, and what are the values to keep in mind.

organic chem Essays

organic chem Essays organic chem Essay organic chem Essay INTRODUCTION Aliphatic hydrocarbons with 1 double bond between carbons are called alkene. They follow the naming convention of the alkanes except that the suffix -ene is used instead of -ane. From alkene, we can produce alcohol by hydration of alkene. Hydration is a process of adding water directly to the carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). The objective of the experiment is to get the alcohol from the alkene through hydration reaction and to differentiate the physical properties between the alkene and the alcohol. APPARATUS 1 . Goggles 2. Disposable nitrile gloves 3. Beaker (250ml) 4. Measuring cylinder (5ml or 10ml) 2 5. Boiling tubes -2 6. Glass stirring rod CHEMICALS 1. Ice , a few lumps 2. Hex-I-ene (IRRINTANT ,HIGHLY FLAMMABLE) 3. 75% sulphunc acid (CORROSIVE) 1 5ml 4. Distilled water 20ml For distillation 1 . Anhydrous sodium carbonate (IRRITANT) 0. 5g 2. Bromine water, 0. 01 M (HARMFUL at this concentration) Iml 3. Acidified potassium manganate (VI) solution ,about 0. 001M Iml 4. Sodium (HIGH FLAMMABLE,CORROSIVE) a small piece no bigger than 2mm 5. Eye protection 6. Beaker (250 rnl) 7. Separating funnel (250ml) 8. Conical flask (250ml) 9. Filter funnel 10. Filter paper 11. Distillation apparatus,with thermometer (0-200 or 0-250 ) 12. Test-tube rack 13. Test-tubes , with corks 8 14. Forceps 15. Scalpel PROCEDURES PREPARING THE MIXTURE 1. A few lumps of ice and some water was placed in a beaker to make an ice bath. 2. 15 ml of hex-I-ene was measured using a measuring cylinder it was poured into a boiling tube. 3. The hex-I-ene was allowed to cool in the ice bath for about three cylinder. 5. An acid was added to the hex-I-ene slowly while keeping the tube in the ice bath and the mixture was stirred using a glass rod. 6. The mixture was stirred continuously when all the acid has been added until it becomes homogeneous. It took about 5 minutes. 7. The mixture was allowed to stand in the ice bath for another 5 minutes, then an equal volume of cold water was carefully added by using another boiling tube. The mixture separated in two layers. The top layer was impure hexan-2- 01, the lower layer contained mainly sulfuric acid. DISTILLATION OF THE PRODUCT 1. The contents in the boiling tube was tipped into a beaker. Then the contents was poured into a separating funnel, stopper, shake and the contents was allowed to ettle. . The stopper was removed and the lower layer were ran off into a beaker and it was discarded by carefully washed it down the sink with plenty of water. 3. 20 ml of distilled water was added to the separating funnel, stopper and shake. This washed the hexan-2-ol. The stopper was removed and the bottom aqueous layer was ran off then it was discarded. 4. 0. 5 g of anhydrous sodium carbonat e was placed in a 250 ml conical flask. The hexan-2-ol was ran out of the separating funnel into the flask. The flask then was swirled frequently for about twenty minutes until the hexan-2-ol dried. The distillation apparatus was set up. The hexan-2-ol was unloaded as much as possible from the conical flask into the distilling flask and then the rest was filtered into the distilling flask. 6. Distilled. The hexan-2-ol was collected at 1300 and 1600C. Hex-I-ene boiled at much lower temperature, 630C. 7. A few drops of hex-I-ene and hexan-2-ol were used for each test to compare them. RESULTS Hex-I -ene Test reactions Hexa-2-nol Heterogenous is formed (top layer-colorless, bottom layer-yellow color) Bromine water, (Br2) Brown color change to colorless Purple color change to pale yellow Potassium manganate,(KMn04) Purple color change to dark brown No reaction Sodium metal , (Na) More soot Lit splint Less soot DISCUSSION From the experiment, we found that alcohol is produced from the hydration of alkene. Electrophilic addition is a reaction in which two molecules Join together to make a bigger one. Nothing is losing in the process. The overall preparation is: C6H12 *H20 C6H130H The alkyl hydrogensulfate reacts with water to give alcohol and regenerates sulfuric acid. The secondary alcohol hexan-2-ol is formed rather than the primary hexan-l-ol.

An Argument Against Breed-Specific Legislation Essay -- Argumentative,

To say â€Å"pit bull,† however, is a vague reference to several pit bull types, which are considered separate breeds by registries like the American Kennel Club (AKC). Each type has a slightly different breeding history; many began with the breeding of bulldogs with terriers to produce a loyal, compact and tenacious breed (â€Å"American Pit Bull Terrier†). The standard three pit bull types most often mentioned by name in breed-specific legislation include the American Pit Bull Terrier, the American Staffordshire Terrier, and the Staffordshire Bull Terrier. That is not the extent of the legislation, however, which also includes dogs that â€Å"substantially conform to the breed standards established by the American Ken e 2010. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. Cohen, Judy, and John Richardson. â€Å"Pit Bull Panic.† Journal of Popular Culture 36.2 (2002): 297. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. â€Å"Dog Bite: Fact Sheet.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC, 1 Apr. 2008. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. â€Å"Dogfighting Fact Sheet.† The Humane Society of the United States. 2 Nov. 2009. Web. 23 Nov. 2010. Melvindale, Mich., Municipal Code art. II,  § 4-137 (1990). Perry, April M. â€Å"Guilt by Saturation: Media Liability for Third-party Violence and the Availability Heuristic.† Northwestern University Law Review 97.2 (2003): 1045. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Nov. 2010. â€Å"The Truth About Pit Bulls.† ASPCA. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. â€Å"U.S. Dog Bite Fatalities January 2006 to December 2008.† DogsBite. 20 Apr. 2009. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.

E-Business Resit Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E-Business Resit Coursework - Essay Example The adoption of e–business is not restricted to any particular industry or particular company. From high tech aerospace industry to the farming industry, several companies of various sizes are conducting e–business activities at present. The paper will analyze the impact of internet and other digital technology in the supply chain process of retail industry (Jorge, 2008). The company chosen for retail industry is Topshop, a retail apparel company of the UK. It is a brand of Arcadia Group, a retailing giant of the UK. Topshop had earned its uniqueness through its own marketing strategies, retailing methods and online businesses (Topshop, n.d.). Impact of Internet on Supply Chain Process The impact of internet and digital technology in the market and within the general business performances are significant. In retail industry of the UK, the direct business system through internet had been applied by many companies. With regard to Topshop, it allows customers to choose any product through website and sell products without heavily depending on third–party distributors. The e– business of Topshop also assures convenience and cost cutback (Levi & Et. Al., 2004). A retail company such a Topshop is very successful in developing internet business model that let it to increase revenue radically and capture the market. According to Topshop, it sold almost 30 brace of knickers per minute, 500 brace of legging per hour and 6000 brace of jeans per day in the year 2006. The internet acts as a driver for business alteration (Rushton, 2007). The supply chain process is often viewed as a tactical asset as it has the strength to make a difference and develop sustainable advantage in the competitive economy. Presently, several new business enterprises had appeared to have complete advantage of the e–business e.g. ‘drop shipping’ which had rapidly gained reputation among retailers. In this system, an e–tailor takes order for pr oduct and provides the producer or distributor opportunity to send the product to the purchaser. In this system, the e–tailor does not possess any stock. Through the alteration of conventional supply chain process, the ‘drop shipping’ system helps to transfer the inventory management related difficulties to the producers (Feng, 2008). Impact of Internet on Retail Sector The retail industry had reacted lately to the competition from e–business environment and to identify the prospects offered by the internet. In recent times, the scene has changed, as many retail companies such as Topshop had introduced internet shopping to their offerings. Topshop knows the benefit they can have by entering into e-business. TopShop has its own virtual trade store and it services the products by its existing storehouse and supply chain network. High quantity products, whose demand is balanced with the supply on the basis of long-term estimation, are stocked in stores. In ca se of low quantity products, the storing is done centrally for the purpose of internet marketing. The products which are purchased online have high volatility of demand, thus the centralised stocking helps to

Exploring the development and scope of public health Essay

Exploring the development and scope of public health - Essay Example This research paper aims at analyzing the scope of alcoholism, and identification of ways of solving the problem through research. In the UK, various factors have been pointed to affect social health, individual wellbeing and the ultimate health of an individual. These factors include increase in chronic disease such as cancer, diabetes and obesity. The second one is about the concentration of the aged and the lone dwellers in the UK. Then finally the trend linked to smoking and alcohol abuse (Earle, 2004). The work at hand focuses on the alcohol abuse, describing the scope and nature of this social problem and including suggested research approaches to amend the situation. In the British community, consumption of alcohol is a normal practice that contributes significantly to the British economy. Many individuals take alcohol very responsibly while certain portions of the populations are also entangled by alcohol abuse (Earle & Sidell, 2007). One heard many things about the harmful consumption of alcohol and its negative impacts on the economy, the society and the individual’s health. Furthermore, abuse of alcohol has been observed to cause a variety of public health concerns including violence, poisoning, chronic diseases such as cirrhosis and certain cancers and accidents (Morgan, 2012). The effects of alcohol misuse in the society include lower economic status as a result of reduced productivity, frequent sick days and unemployment (Zuccato et al., 2008). Added to this, social harm occurs through high rate of divorce and rampant cases of domestic violence which are perpetuated by the individuals with high dependence on alcohol. Alcoholics are likely to be motivated to do crime and anti-social behaviors. All of these situations consequently result to higher burdens in the National Health System as characterized by the immediate demand for primary care linked to cases of alcohol-related-hospital admissions (Unwin, 2007) The Home Office and the

Journal Assignment Observation of a Presentation Essay

Journal Assignment Observation of a Presentation - Essay Example Each person hired had to have restaurant experience in the area of their work. For an example, a person in the kitchen had to have kitchen and food preparation experience. There were 14 new people hired for this day time shift. Each person wore a name tag, and they were told that they needed to wear the name tag every time they came to work. One lady started to laugh. She was rather young, and Mr. Marcus asked her what was funny. She said that she was glad she didn't have to wear them like the ones that retail stores have their employees do because they aren't able to be read! As the people introduced themselves, it was easy to see who were outgoing and who were quieter. The outgoing people smiled and made eye contact with others, while the more reserved were polite in their behavior, participated, but appeared uncomfortable in the group setting. Mr. Marcus smiled frequently, then said that he wanted all of them to understand correct table service because when working in an elite restaurant, it is necessary to know the procedures. He asked if anyone had ever known or practiced right-handed table service. One male, Jon, raised his hand and said that he did. Mr. Marcus asked him to come help him demonstrate. He had two of the other people sit as though they were guests in the restaurant. Jon set the table for right-handed service, then Mr. ... He had Jon take the dishes from the table from the right, then serve dessert to the guests. The others watched and Mr. Marcus asked if they had any questions. Geoff, another male, raised his hand and asked if left-handed service was ever used instead of the right handed method. Mr. Marcus explained how and when that could be used and the need to observe the guests as to which hand is used in eating. Mr. Marcus handled questions very well. Julia asked about having an accident and dropping something. Mr. Marcus' answer was pleasant. "Well, Julia, I hope that doesn't happen, but if it does, the staff will help clean it up and then we'll fire you!" He laughed, admitting he was teasing, but that the staff would help in a crisis. His personal mannerisms, his smile, eye contact, and interaction, made the trainees feel comfortable. His non-verbal behavior was impressive and quite natural. It was obvious that Mr. Marcus was quite comfortable with his position. His mannerisms showed a person who was comfortable with himself and what he was doing. He made eye contact with every person he was training and had a way of getting each to participate without causing him or her to feel uncomfortable. He did this by a slight motion of his hand. His dress was a shirt and tie with a business suit, the jacket was removed while he was training. The language that was notable was his use of "guest" instead of "customer" and "service" instead of "waiting on the table." This was definitely an upper class eating establishment! Also, when a question was asked, he repeated the question in the form of a statement, then proceeded to answer the question. This is an excellent technique for anyone in communications or the teaching field. The trainees were dressed in the type of uniforms

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Labelling Theory

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Labelling Theory Labelling theory and its theorists focus on the groups and/or individuals who were deemed to be criminal and labelled thus by society. Labelling theorists studied the various interactions between the criminal groups and individuals and the conformist society. Labeling theory was quite popular in the 1960s and early 1970s, but then fell into decline-partly as a result of the mixed results of empirical research. This essay will go on to show the origins of labelling theory, the theory itself and will show its strengths and weaknesses using various case-studies and examples. Tannenbaum (1938) is widely regarded as the first labelling theorist. His main concept was the dramatization of evil. He stated that if a person is described as being a criminal then he automatically becomes one. Erwin Lamert (1951) founded the societal Reaction theory. This theory is widely credited to be the forerunner of the present day labelling theory. His theory basically states that a person experiences social deviance in two phases. The first phase is known as the Primary deviance phase. The second is known as the Secondary deviance phase. According to Lemert, the primary deviance phase begins with a criminal act. He or she is then labelled criminal but has yet to accept the label. The main point of view is whether he or she has accepted the criminal label. If the person views themselves as a criminal then the secondary deviant phase has begun. The object of whether a person views himself or herself as a criminal is what differentiates between the primary and secondary devian t phases. Lemert states that there are exceptions and people continue to stay in the primary phase, an example would be someone who rationalizes that the so called criminal act is legal as it is necessary for them to survive and earn money (an exotic dancer would be an example). The secondary deviance phase usually begins when a person has accepted the criminal label. They then accept themselves as being criminal as use it to counter (either by moving with similar peer groups or by other means) societys reaction to the initial act. Howard Becker (1963) is held to be the architect of the modern labelling theory. He is also responsible for coining the term moral entrepreneur which is a term used to describe law making officials who get certain criminal behaviour illegal. Becker proposed that criminal behaviour is dynamic in nature and changes throughout time. He therefore suggested that the actual act is impertinent to the theory. What matters was the type of people going through the criminal justice system. Therefore Becker says that personal motives and the influence by society has nothing to do with criminal behaviour. This is the most debated part of the labelling theory brought about by him. Becker pays particular attention to how people and society react and operate with others who have the criminal label. He mentions that once a person has the label of criminal associated with him or her; it becomes stuck with them and acts as a constant label. This effect is so profound that Becker states that individuals with this label begin to be associated with the word criminal. All their other associations and labels such as that of parent, employee, and so on take a back seat. It becomes so extreme that it becomes their one and only status. Foster et al, 1972 say that in certain unique cases, the label of criminal may force an individual to integrate back into society and try and try and show them that the criminal act he or she committed was a mistake and will not happen again (cited in Labelling theory). Although in most cases secondary deviance will be accomplished in which the person accepts the label of criminal and begins to associate with similarly branded people, losing contact with friends who conform to societies rules (Becker, 1963 cited in Labelling Theory). It has occurred only when both the society and individual consider him or her to be a criminal or a deviant. Labelling theory however has many inherent drawbacks. Firstly, according to Wellford (1975) the theory states that no acts are inherently criminal, and states that acts are only criminal when society considers them to be so. There are clearly some acts considered wrong in almost all the societies and nations in the world, murder, arson are a few such examples (cited in labelling theory). Secondly is the process of self-labelling. Hagen (1973) brings about the concept of self-labelling, in which he states the example of a murderer who has avoided all suspicion (the act is not criminal if no one is around to witness it or label him). He goes on to say that the murderer may have a conscience which will cause him to label himself or herself as a murderer. This goes against the labelling theory, which states that labelling must come from a third party. Thirdly, labelling theory is supposed to cover all criminal activity and has an effect on everyone irrespective of their race, social clas s, sex and age (Becker, 1963). Other criminologists have been doubtful of this part of the theory and hold that a persons race, social class and so on do have an effect. They mention that the above mentioned factors can either enhance or mitigate the effects of labelling theory. There is however no scientific study on the effects of the above factors. Marshall and Purdy (1972) stated that the studies conducted reflected actual behavioural differences that were reacted to differently by different people. Fourthly, it matters on who the audience is comprised of, as the level of denouncement an individual feels depends on the audiences reaction to the act. As the labelling theory states, the first is the audience learning about the act that is considered criminal and not the act itself. As it has already been explained, if the audience doesnt know about it then it is not a crime. Different audiences may have different reactions to a crime and thus the punishment and the labelling will vary even though the same crime is being committed. The last drawback of the labelling theory is that the personality of the individual matters. This can cause problems. The level of stigmatization an individual gets varies on whether or not he cares about his label. Studies have come across certain individuals that have personality traits which makes them resistant to the labels conferred on them by society. The biggest drawback one may say that affects labelling theory is that it has not yet been empirically validated. Some studies found that being officially labeled a criminal (e.g. arrested or convicted) increased subsequent crime, while other studies did not. Although there are many studies that validate it, there are none that can offer significant data in its support. Labelling also involves both a wrong or deviant act and a deviant person. There are however several things that are wrong with the drawbacks. The first one mentions that murder, arson and so on are all criminal in most of the nations and societies. That is not a drawback but merely a statement of facts. It merely states what society currently thinks. In the future the mindset of society may change and acts that were previously considered to be criminal may be legalised. History has shown that society has and will change to accept criminal behaviour or to make legal behaviour illegal. An example would be that of homosexuality. In the early times, it was illegal. Now it is legal. The smoking of marijuana is another example, although it is illegal in most of the societies and nations it is now slowly being tolerated in some and even being legalised in others. One of the other drawbacks also mentions the aspect of self-labelling. But as mentioned before, the individual or group may seek to rationalize their behaviour, thus avoiding the prospect of self labelli ng. An example would be a person stealing to satisfy his hunger. He would not label himself as a criminal as it was a necessary for him to do so. Thus most of the drawbacks can be explained. Lemert (1967) brought out the connection between social reaction and deviance through his studies and research of a number of Indian tribes in British Columbia. He noticed that in some tribes, stuttering occurred among their members and their language mentioned stuttering. Other tribes however had no mention of stuttering in their language and had no members of their tribes stuttering. Lemert could not establish a clear reason as to why that was so. He then went on to find that tribe that had stuttering, placed a very high meaning and emphasis on storytelling and oratory skills. Children of those tribes that placed a very high emphasis on storytelling were often brought up in a culture that placed a high value on not stuttering and having good oratory skills. Those that were not able to conform to the rest of the tribe i.e. had bad storytelling and oratory skills were mocked. Lemert concluded that the pressure placed on the members of the tribe to have good skills and the subsequent mockery and social exclusion if they didnt posses the oratory skills led to the development of stuttering. He said that in tribes where good oratory skills were not expected, there was no negative reaction and hence there was no deviance of the above type. He thus said that such type of labelling leads to more deviant behaviour. Thomas Scheff (1966) published Being Mentally Ill, was the first instance of labelling theory being applied to the term of Mentally Ill. Scheff said that mental ill was the product of societal influence, going against the common perceptions of the time. When society finds some act criminal or deviant, they usually place the term of Mental Illness on those who show that behaviour so that society can understand the reason for the behaviour and come to terms with it. According to him, society then places certain behavioural expectations on the individual and the individual subconsciously changes his behaviour to suit the expectations of society. He said that there are no different types of the mentally ill with just one type who conform to what society has labelled them to be. Walter Grove on the other hand was vehemently opposed to the theory proposed by Thomas Scheff. Grove argued the opposite point. He said that labelling theory and the mentally ill have no influence on one another. He said that people are said to be mentally ill, when they display behaviour that makes them to be so. Grove said that society has no influence whatsoever on mental illness. He said that due to their illness, they behave differently most of the time and are hence treated as such. There have been studies to show how after being diagnosed with a mental illness labelling has taken an effect, such as not being offered houses and jobs, but there is very little to show that labelling was the cause of mental illness in the first place. Thus we can say that labelling does have a profound effect but has yet to be shown that it was labelling that caused the illness in the first place. Labelling can have different aspects as well. An example would be drugs. Marijuana for example is tolerated in Amsterdam and is legal in other parts of the world (Mexico allows four grams for personal use). In those societies, soft drugs and their users are accepted and are not labelled as deviant or criminal. In these societies we see limited drug use and little or no overdoses and or drug abuse. In other societies however, soft drugs are illegal and the people who use them are labelled as deviant. It is in these societies that the policing organisations have trouble controlling the abuse of drugs. This is due to the fact that people with low self esteem or a different/weak personality trait takes these drugs to show that they can handle it and want to rebel against society. Becker (1953) wrote in his book, the Marijuana user, that the drug does not produce any addiction and that it has no withdraw sickness or any sort of substance that makes the user crave for the drug. The most fr equent use would be recreational. He questioned fifty of those users and found that they did not have any pre-dispositional behaviour towards it. They would be able to smoke it at one time and at others, they wont be able to. Thus the quality of deviance does not reside in the behaviour itself, but is rather the outcome of responses to that behaviour by various social audiences (Tierney). The daily mail ran an article which stated that some people were more likely to smoke if they saw Smoking Kills on it. This was due to the fact the these people had low self esteem and by doing something that brings them close to the edge makes them feel like a rebel. Thus we see that labelling though introduced to help society and make it a better place can actually make it worse. This part of the labelling theory has many policy implications. Intervention may make things worse. Labelling theory supports the idea of radical non-interventionism, in which policy dictates that certain acts are decrim inalised and the removal of the social stigmata surrounding the acts. The effect of labelling theory on juvenile behaviour is a bit more pronounced and clear. Youths are especially vulnerable to labelling theory. Once they start to believe in their negative labels, self rejection occurs which plays a major role in the social rejection theory. This self rejection attitude leads to the rejection of the norms of society and gives them a motive to deviate from conventional values of society. They then form bonds with like minded deviant peers. These youths then go on to reject those that have labelled them and tend to set up their own criminal lifestyles consisting of criminal behaviour. In schools, those that come from a working class family or a lower class, the youth gangs are seen as trouble makers compared to the middle class gangs who are labelled as pranksters instead. Research has shown that many of the youth gangs who come from the lower class get arrested and are labelled further as criminals. Gouldner (1968) argued that labelling theorists made the individual look innocent by the application of labels by control agents such as the police and society. He pointed out that deviance was created entirely on the whims of authority. An example to this would be the issue of homosexuality. Early in the century, authorities labelled it criminal and illegal. Those that were caught were persecuted as such. But now, homosexuality is an accepted fact in society and there are little or fewer stigmas and or labelling attached to it. Thus as shown in the above essay, labelling theory has many strengths and weaknesses. Those are, no acts are inherently criminal, there can be a process of self-labelling, it covers or is supposed to cover all criminal activity, depends on the members of the society or those that do the labelling and finally it depends on the personality of the individual. However, there are already inherent drawbacks with the drawbacks given by various individual sociologists. Those are that society changes, and so does labelling. Individuals can rationalize their deviant behaviour. In spite of these, the major drawback of the labelling theory is the lack of empirical data to support it. We can thus conclude that labelling theory does have an effect, but is not the primary cause for most of the acts committed.